Fugelsang . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /Type /Font /FontDescriptor 364 0 R Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /Widths [278] >> [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /ExtGState << De Neys . stream
Cognitive miserliness - I'm too busy to think about that! - LinkedIn Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. /F1 21 0 R [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other.
central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? /Type /Font By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. What is the actor-observer bias? The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.
Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic 2 0 obj
What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Type /Page 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ /Tabs /S That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com
> /StructParents 12 attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R >> /Type /Catalog /StructParents 9 /F5 25 0 R /BM /Normal 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. >> /Contents 38 0 R would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /Type /Font /Tabs /S /F1 21 0 R Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. Gordon Pennycook . 21 0 obj >> >> 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. << Rationality and the reflective mind . <> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] /F3 23 0 R << << [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. >> Jonathan A. . schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /F1 21 0 R Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. /GS7 27 0 R In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? the degree to which something is extreme) is ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. July 2015 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. What is the best treatment for groupthink? >> /Type /Page %PDF-1.5 /RoleMap 18 0 R In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. /Encoding /Identity-H People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. Please sign in to share these flashcards. %
[clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. >> Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. >> Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /StructParents 5 -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others 25 0 obj /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. endobj /ExtGState << endobj >> /F1 21 0 R q*15Q[7t. Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. /Resources << 5,000 & 8,000 \\ [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia /F4 24 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /ExtGState << [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Contents 42 0 R What are In-groups and Out-groups? -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what /Type /StructTreeRoot According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. When can it enhance social behavior? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Tabs /S To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? /S /Transparency /StructParents 10 >> /ExtGState << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. >> /GS7 27 0 R The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /Parent 2 0 R On what dimensions do cultures differ? /S /Transparency /F3 23 0 R How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /Type /Group adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>orgCognitive miser explained What is culture? /ParentTree 19 0 R A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology -Differs: /Type /Page How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating /Tabs /S /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /StructParents 11 /Type /Pages /Worksheet /Part /Contents 40 0 R Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. What are some real world consequences of attributions? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? /Contents 45 0 R How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 20 . However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Font << 26 0 obj [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /LastChar 116 /F6 26 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /StructParents 3 When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /S /Transparency 16 0 obj /F2 22 0 R >> << /Type /Group The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. >> In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Describe his findings. >> How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. >> /LastChar 239 /GS8 28 0 R Why are people so incredibly gullible? - BBC Future /Chartsheet /Part [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. June 30, 2022 . >> Contents. /StructParents 0 >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). /Resources << 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R >> /FirstChar 32 Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. Explain the significance of /F1 21 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 13 -Out group: (them) membership. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F << -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /Resources << Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Workbook /Document [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Contents 37 0 R /ExtGState << The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /Parent 2 0 R The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /Resources << Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. >> /F6 26 0 R The cognitive miser . Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /Contents 35 0 R [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? >> 3 0 obj Rossi . We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. /Parent 2 0 R What is social loafing? 14 0 obj /F4 24 0 R 18 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. /ExtGState << >> /Filter /FlateDecode 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 >> /GS8 28 0 R >> partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /GS7 27 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F2 22 0 R First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture /F3 23 0 R Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /Group << [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Stolz . -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? /Type /Group things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I
@OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 Social Psychology 1 Flashcards /Tabs /S People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the Chapter 3 Flashcards | Chegg.com /Resources << -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture [39][originalresearch? basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. others. /F2 22 0 R What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /Name /F3 When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, and Social - YouTube